Looking At Competition Law To Manage The Mergers Of Banks Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2525 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Introduction The tussle between Reserve Bank of India and the Competition Commission of India is long drawn. At different occasions, RBI has sought to exclude the jurisdiction of CCI from mergers and acquisitions (MAs) of banks. In a report to the Ministry of Finance, RBI stated that bank MAs should be excluded from application of the Competition Act, 2002, following their unique nature, and expedient circumstances, especially in cases of forced mergers. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Looking At Competition Law To Manage The Mergers Of Banks Finance Essay" essay for you Create order The main argument of RBI had been that CCI is a general body regulating competition across markets and sectors, and thus, may not have the requisite technical expertise to adjudge in bank MAs. Any decision made for or on behalf of a bank may have a direct impact on the depositors and on the economy as a whole. A merger is a combination of two or more corporate entities, wherein one or more such corporate entities lose their corporate existence as they merge with the surviving entity. Competition law primarily focuses on horizontal mergers; as such cases have high potential of adversely affecting completion in the market. In exceptional circumstances, vertical mergers are also enquired into; where a dominant entity merges with another entity from another related market to further strengthen its dominant position. RBI has suggested that in cases of both, horizontal and vertical mergers, the final determination in sectoral regulators in banking, and insurance, for cases of MAs sho uld rest with RBI, as it is best equipped to understand the issues involved. Further, bank MAs were also excluded under the erstwhile Monopoly and Restrictive Trade Practices Act (MRTPC) which was replaced by the Competition Act, 2002. This has led to emergence of a debate between CCI and RBI, which shall be resolved at the earliest. Hypothesis: The author believes that such a proposition would defeat the entire purpose of the Competition Act, 2002. Authority of both, RBI and CCI shall be harmoniously read and RBI should not have the sole authority to determine bank MAs. This paper aims to answer the following research questions: Why shall bank MA shall be treated differentially in comparison with other corporate MAs? What is the need of performing competition analysis in cases of bank MAs? Is there a conflict between the regulatory authority afforded to the RBI and the CCI? Can these authorities harmoniously perform their functions? Reasons for differential treatment of banking sector There are various reasons for affording a differential level of protection and regulation to bank MAs, when compared to regular corporate MAs. Failure of an individual bank may not in itself be principally different from a corporate breakdown. However, its high potential of precipitating into a general systemic failure is one of the main reasons for treating banks differently. There is a heavy inter-linkage between several banks. Inter-bank lending and the payment systems have grown considerably in the past few years. Banks lend and borrow amongst them, in large amounts to moderate daily liquidity fluctuations. Also, large value payments are made by banks as a result of their own and their clients activities. Thus, in both these ways, banks are heavily linked to each other. The risk of such physical exposure is further amplified by the information asymmetries about financial position of one bank with another. In such a case, failure of one bank may precipitate to other banks, gener ating a systemic risk of interbank contagion. Another reason for providing a differential treatment is the asset-liability mismatch of banks. Most of the assets of the banks are in the form of loans, which are not liquid, as they are subject to contracts and have limited resale value. Further, the liabilities of a bank are in form of deposits by people, which is liquid and easily demandable as the depositors can withdraw their deposits on demand. This is further complemented by a maturity mismatch between assets and liabilities. This exposes the bank to a possibility of runs. The only safeguard available is for the banks to have deposit insurance. Also, the functional aspect of banking sector points towards its uniqueness. It is not easy for users to distinguish banks on the basis of quality of financial services they provide. As a result, there exists a problem of free-rider. Banks with a higher risk profile will free ride on the reputation and trust enjoyed by the banking in dustry as a whole. In addition, this indistinguishability of banks may result in a domino effect, where failure of one bank may beguile consumers to withdraw their deposits from other banks. In such a situation, liquidation of deposits would lead to a general run on bank reserves. This self-fulfilling nature of bank business and their operations, which are based on trust and confidence, strengthens the rationale of RBI for affording banks with special protection by regulators. Need For Competition Analysis In Bank MAs There are primarily two anti-competitive effects of a merger. First, unilateral effects, which arise as the merged entity may enjoy considerably higher single firm market power than its components, prior to the merger. Second, co-ordinated effects, which occur when a merger enhances the capability of an entity to engage in anti-competitive behaviour. The risks of co-ordinated effects are especially significant in oligopolistic markets, such as the banking sector. Performing a competition analysis over the effects of a bank merger is not significantly different from the analysis performed for other sectors. Factors, such as creation and facilitation of dominant position remain the same. Dominant position is defined as position of strength , enjoyed by an entity, which enables it to: (i) operate independently of competitive forces prevailing in the relevant market; or (ii) affect its competitors or consumers or the relevant market in its favour A merger may have anti-comp etitive repercussions, by making it lucrative for a leading bank to exercise market power unilaterally, or by escalating the likelihood of collusive practices by the merged entity in the market. This analysis is further complicated in the banking sector by virtue of the fact that the relevant geographic market varies with the characteristics of the buyer of bank services. For example, proximity may be a criterion for small businesses, or introduction of internet banking resulting in enlarging the relevant market for depositors. Besides, high switching costs between banks reduces the significance of competition on the supply side and may be a very important element in the assessment of market power. In the banking sector, agreements among competitors are often necessary for the existence of efficient payment systems, unlike other sectors where no such agreements are made. For example, to maintain the interoperability of automated teller machines (ATMs) across various banks, banks have to enter into a cost sharing agreement. Banks also have to agree upon sharing of costs between acquirers and issuers, in cases of debit and credit card associations. Such agreements may per se seem to be anti-competitive. Moreover, provisions like the honour all cards or the no discrimination rules are prevalent in card markets, which have been categorized as anti-competitive by several anti-trust authorities globally. Application of competition law in the banking sector improvises the access to finance for investment at lower interest rates and lenient guarantee requirements, as banks become more customer friendly. In some states, larger banks might tend to allocate lower amount of assets towards lending in general, and towards loans to small business in particular. Thus, when large bank is formed by merging two banks, resultant decrease in funding to small businesses may be argued as being anti-competitive. Such deduction, however, cannot be sustained as any apparent re duction in loans to small business by the new bank can be easily waged by an increase in such lending by the other non merging banks. Existence of high switching costs, may tie the clients and businesses to a particular bank. Switching costs are costs that the customer has to incur while changing the service provider. There costs can be further divided into two categories: fixed transactional costs and informational switching costs. For example, cost incurred by a customer in searching for another bank, opportunity cost of time and money spent, cost of transferring of funds and closure of previous account would all count as transactional switching costs. Many of these costs are dependent upon the behaviour and policies of the banks, e.g. offering low deposit rates to attract customers. Also, charging customers for closure of bank account (closing charges) may also influence their decision. Such practices are to be evaluated in light of the competition law policies. Further, su ch fixed transactional costs are complemented by information switching costs. Most clear example is the loan market, where in the borrowers have to consider informational switching costs when considering a switch, as the current financier is better informed about the borrowers credit worthiness. Such switching costs may be exploited by rent seeking behaviour of banks. Markets with high switching costs might taken as a whole be less competitive, as presence of such costs would tend to soften competition. It could also deter new entrants in the market. Thus, it is very important to frequently analyse the practices of banks under competition laws, as there is ample scope of unfair and abusive trade practices. Mandate And Authority Of RBI And CCI Bank MAs are not new to the Indian banking sector. Seventy seven bank amalgamations have taken place in India since 1961, when the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 was introduced. Around fourty-six amalgamations took place before bank nationalisation in 1969, and the remaining thirty-one post nationalisation. There have been around six cases of mergers among private sector banks exclusively. Prior to 1999, the major driving force behind amalgamations was the weak financial position of the bank being merged. In the post 1999 period, mergers between healthy banks have taken place, primarily driven by commercial and business considerations. Report of the Committee on Banking Sector Reforms (the Second Narasimham Committee Report, 1998) argued for, inter alia encouraging mergers among big banks, both in the public and private sectors and even with other financial institutions including Non-Banking Financial Corporations (NBFCs). Section 44.A of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 lays down the procedure for voluntary amalgamation of banking companies. Resolutions, approved by two-third majority of each bank, in a general meeting, is submitted to RBI for it approval. Once approved, the scheme contained in the resolution becomes legally binding on the banking companies and their shareholders. RBI issued guidelines in May 2005, on the basis of the recommendations of the Working Group, for voluntary merger between banking companies. It laid down several requirements for performing such a merger, including inter alia, disclosures, determination of the swap ratio, the stages at which Boards will get involved in the merger process, etc. Although, mergers are generally determined on business considerations (such as the market share, synergies, acquisition of a business unit or segment, etc.), the policy objective of the RBI is to ensure that considerations akin to sound rationale for merger, the systemic benefits and the advantage accruing to the residual entity, etc. are appraised in detail. Financial health of both the amalgamating entities is kept under consideration by RBI, while sanctioning the scheme of amalgamation. This is done to ensure, inter alia, that after the amalgamation, the new entity will emerge as a stronger bank. General terms used in competition law, such as cartel, dominance, or agreements for abuse of dominance, etc. are not found in the Banking Regulations. This indicates that RBI is ill-equipped to deal with competition law issues using the Banking regulations. Thus, allowing RBI to check abuse of dominance and cartelisation is not a very lucrative option. RBI, however, has urged the Ministry of Finance that it shall exercise the sole jurisdiction over bank MAs and also, such instances shall be excluded from the purview of the Competition Authorities, as the RBI has the special knowledge and expertise required to regulate the banking sector. The RBI Guidelines specify prudential regulations with respect to bank mergers . Prudential regulations aim to safeguard the safety and soundness of individual financial institutions, with the intention of protecting the clients. These guidelines do not look into the areas dealt by CCI. The CCI simply checks whether a combination will likely result in dominance or facilitate cartelisation. It does not check the effect of the prudential regulations, over which it neither has the mandate nor the competence. Conversely, RBI, only checks the financial soundness of banks after mergers, and safety of public money at the hands of the new entity. It does not further assess the creation of a dominant position, or likely cartelisation, which is performed by CCI. A distinction is to be drawn between prudential regulation of banks by RBI and competition regulation of the whole economy, including the financial sector, by CCI. Prudential regulations are largely focused on laying and enforcing rules which limit risk-taking of banks, ensuring stability in financial sector and safety of depositors funds. Thus, regulation of MAs by the RBI would be determined by such benchmarks. However, competition regulation of MAs, in the banking sector, is a separate matter. It is aimed at ensuring competition between the banks, so that they serve customers by offering the best terms, lower interest rates on loans and higher interest rates on deposits and securities. MA regulations by CCI are therefore deliberated to ensure that such activities are not motivated by the desire to conspire and make disproportionate profits at the cost of customers or to squeeze other players out of the market through unfair trade practices. While CCI does not have either the expertise or the remit on prudential regulation, RBI does not have the expertise or remit to regulate anticompetitive behaviour. The prudential regulations and the competition regulations are mutually compatible to the extent that they both seek to prohibit unwarranted behaviour. As long as the authorities wor k towards checking undesired mergers, rather than forcing or mandating mergers, financial institutions, including banks will not face difficulty in abiding by both the RBI and CCI. With respect to certain mergers, prudential regulation and competition policy can be complementary. For example, a merger leading to a too big to fail bank, i.e. a bank which is so large that clients assume that the government would take necessary steps in order to preserve the solvency of the bank in a crisis. Such banks might be inclined to take, what regulators regard as excessive risks. Also, such banks may give rise to competitive distortions, as they may have a synthetic advantage in raising money, especially in markets where deposit insurance is derisory. Further, probability of a potential conflict between prudential and competition policy is low. For example, in cases of mergers designed to safeguard a failing bank. Such a merger would be promoted by prudential regulations, but may lead to competition problems. Such problems, however, may be avoided by choosing the right entity to merge with, or by structuring the merger to minimise its effects on competition in the market. Prior consultation between the parties and competent authorities may solve most of the conflicts. Conclusion

Obesity A Common Problem - 2023 Words

Obesity is a common problem in America that continues to increase throughout the years. It is a problem because of the life threatening side effects that are posed to a lot of individuals. A lot of blame is placed on the laziness of the modern times. People are getting lazy and don’t go outside or have any form of exercise anymore. Meanwhile, there are fast food chains catering to these people, continuing to increase everywhere people go. It is common knowledge that fast food is not healthy. Unhealthy foods are lot cheaper than the cheaper foods people can be consuming instead. In addition to prices, fast food is also a lot quicker to attain. These low prices and easy access are what attract people to the food and keep them coming back and in turn, contributing to the factors of weight gain in the country. This is why there is a large debate on how food industries are to blame for the increased food consumption leading to weight gain. There are many factors involved when it co mes to obesity, but whether fast food or individual responsibility is to blame will be analyzed. The measure of body fat are usually categorized under the classifications of either underweight, healthy weight, overweight, or obese. This is based on the body mass index of individuals, which is a measure derived from a person’s mass and height. Having a BMI of above 25 would be considered overweight. Becoming overweight and obesity occurs when the intake of calories is greater than the calories burned.Show MoreRelatedObesity Is A Common Problem1222 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout the world, obesity is a common problem. This is especially true for the United States. About 22 million children were obese at the age of five in 2007 (Stern and Kazaks 1), and this trend keeps growing every year. Effects of obesity control quality of life from something as simple as ease of mobility to as serious as mental health issues regarding low self-esteem. The negative impact of obesity influences daily life from breaking down traditional family meals, the amount of physical activityRead M oreObesity : A Common Problem990 Words   |  4 PagesObesity has become a common problem in society. The main debate now, is why it has suddenly become so prominent and how we can help lower the obesity rate in future generations. There are many different beliefs surrounding obesity and this article is one of the more controversial ones. Included in this article are different types of experiments and evidence that are meant to sway the audience in to agreeing with the author, even if that means mocking and criticizing the evidence and theories he disagreesRead MoreChildhood Obesity Is A Common Problem1652 Words   |  7 Pages Childhood obesity is a medical condition of being overweight or obese. This condition has continued to grow and increase over the past five decades. In the US alone there are more than three million cases per year. For one to be obese it means that the individual is significantly overweight for their age and height. The way to tell if someone is obese or ov erweight is by a BMI, which stands for body mass index. Being overweight is defined as having a BMI that is at or above the 85th percentile toRead MoreObesity Is A Global Problem. Obesity Is Becoming Common,1174 Words   |  5 PagesObesity is a global problem. Obesity is becoming common, costly, and deadly. Nearly 70% of Americans are overweight or obese. Kansas is the 13th most overweight state in the country. â€Å"More than a third of adult residents designated as obese† (Dunn, 2015). The obesity rate in the 45 states that the research was conducted in did not change, but the rate in Kansas raised. â€Å"The Kansas obesity rate has risen every year since the government started collecting data in 1995; back then the obesity rate satRead MoreThe Common Health Problems Associated With Obesity And Overweight1706 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION One of the most common health problems associated with the actual lifestyle is overweight. Obesity and overweight considered as one of the most troubling issues of the 21st-century public health (WHO, 2014) is a major risk factor in the development of many chronic diseases, such as respiratory and heart disease, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, cancers, as well as premature death. Treatment, recommended by a health professional, is based on a healthy diet with all the nutritional valueRead MoreObesity : A Common And Serious Public Health Problem1464 Words   |  6 PagesObesity is classified as one of the extremely common and serious public health problems in the world. Overweight and obesity are the fifth leading global risks of mortality in the world (World Health Organization, 2009). Furthermore, they are one of the major factors of for a number of chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, heart disease, stroke, diabetes and cancer (World Health Organization, 2005). According to NHS UK, obesity is defined as a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or more forRead MoreExercise On Childhood Obesity Is Becoming A Common Problem1821 Words   |  8 Pageshealth. The growth of medicine has grown into many dangerous fad diets.Schools should implement more focus on exercise because childhood obesity is becoming a common problem. We can create more focus on exercis e by breaking up the exercise up during the school day. Schools should implement more focus on exercise because childhood obesity is becoming a common problem. We can create more focus on exercise by breaking up the exercise up during the school day. Exercise helps kids stay healthy and studentsRead MoreFat Loss Factor Program Scam Obesity - one of the most common problems –impels people much tensed900 Words   |  4 PagesFat Loss Factor Program Scam Obesity - one of the most common problems –impels people much tensed about their career and relationships. A large segment of people are suffering from obesity due to lack of nutrient food habits and rightly clicked exercises. To fill in the gap there mushrooms lots of weight loss programs together with substandard ones. People frustrated with their obesity enter into the maze of thousands of programs to choose the best one. But they get more frustrated when they selectRead MoreImpact of Obesity Essay examples540 Words   |  3 Pages Over the decades, obesity has become an increasingly severe and expensive setback. D. Milton Strokes commented in The Impact of Obesity on Healthcare Delivery that in the year 2000, the United States spent over 117 billion solely on obesity related issues. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, in 2000, more than 64% of American adult population are obese. These obese individuals were determined to be unhealthily overwei ght by the Body Mass Index (BMI), a system thatRead MoreChildhood Obesity: A Growing Problem795 Words   |  3 PagesChildhood obesity is a growing problem that needs to be resolved. Many people may say it is the Child’s fault, he is weak willed. This is just a common misconception; there are hundreds of different reasons for childhood obesity. I will just be scratching the surface of this paper. By the same token childhood obesity is a growing problem that needs to be resolved. We can achieve this by understanding some common misconceptions, understanding health problems, and understanding fitness. Therefore

The Signalman and the Slaughter Essay Example For Students

The Signalman and the Slaughter Essay In this essay I will be looking at two stories one written in the nineteenth century The signalman and the other in the twentieth century Lamb to the Slaughter. I will look at these two stories and compare all the similarities and differences between them, especially in terms of style, content and language. At the beginning of Dahls Lamb to the Slaughter Dahl sets the scene very well by using a lot of adjectives, this gives the reader a better description of where and when the story is set the room was warm and clean the curtains drawn, the two table lamps alight à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" hers and the one by the empty chair opposite. There was a slow smiling air about her From these quotes we can see that Dahl has set the scene and it is happy and relaxed. At the beginning of The Signalman Dickens begins with speech, this makes you want to read on I think, he also uses the narrator to make the story more interesting. These are two very different ways of beginning a story, the readers expectation depends on how they interpret the beginning but I think that Dahl tried to make the reader ask them self who is this woman waiting why is she so happy, but Dickens on the other hand wants the reader to think who is this shouting who is this person telling the story, both beginnings make you want to read on. Dahl creates suspense by building the scene and using a lot of adjectives, this helps build up the suspense very well. Dickens builds suspense by keeping the characters very secretive so the reader is always asking questions so they will read on this I think is a very good way of building suspense. We arent told what Patrick says to Mary in Lamb to the Slaughter because this would be a bit of a predictable story, I think not being told also creates more suspense. Where Lamb to the slaughter is set at home adds to the story it is homely but at the same time deadly because anything can happen behind closed doors the room was warm and clean the curtains drawn, the two table lamps alight à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" hers and the one by the empty chair opposite. The Signalman is set in a valley like place on a train track this sets a scary mood because down there anything could happen his post was in as solitary and dismal a place as ever I saw. Both of the stories were written at different times Lamb to the Slaughter in the twentieth century and The signalman in the nineteenth century so the styles are very different. Lamb to the slaughter is written in the third person and so there is lots of direct speech, but The Signalman is written in the first person and so there is not really any direct speech. I think direct speech is better and adds more to the story. I  think the language used by Dickens, because it is older makes the story more eerie. The stories do have different purposes I think they both have morals but they are very different in the way that I think Dahl wrote his story with a moral but also made the story funny to prove that not all stories have to be serious to have a moral. On the other hand, Dickens wrote his story to warn people. Dickens didnt support new technology like trains and so wanted to warn people about the terrible tragedies that could happen. Dahl, on the other hand, wanted to express that even if you love someone they can still make you angry enough to kill them. .ubc8a4e7257e40f95502dada15cc893b0 , .ubc8a4e7257e40f95502dada15cc893b0 .postImageUrl , .ubc8a4e7257e40f95502dada15cc893b0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubc8a4e7257e40f95502dada15cc893b0 , .ubc8a4e7257e40f95502dada15cc893b0:hover , .ubc8a4e7257e40f95502dada15cc893b0:visited , .ubc8a4e7257e40f95502dada15cc893b0:active { border:0!important; } .ubc8a4e7257e40f95502dada15cc893b0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubc8a4e7257e40f95502dada15cc893b0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubc8a4e7257e40f95502dada15cc893b0:active , .ubc8a4e7257e40f95502dada15cc893b0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubc8a4e7257e40f95502dada15cc893b0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubc8a4e7257e40f95502dada15cc893b0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubc8a4e7257e40f95502dada15cc893b0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubc8a4e7257e40f95502dada15cc893b0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubc8a4e7257e40f95502dada15cc893b0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubc8a4e7257e40f95502dada15cc893b0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubc8a4e7257e40f95502dada15cc893b0 .ubc8a4e7257e40f95502dada15cc893b0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubc8a4e7257e40f95502dada15cc893b0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: God forbid EssayI think both of the authors use the same sort of main characters even though the stories were completely different! Both of the characters had been very nervous and unsure about themselves. I think the authors used violence and death to put across their stories because it grabs peoples attention and makes them think about what is going on in the stories. I dont think it is very important that the stories are written in the First person or the third person she might as well have hit him with a steel club I was not sure, I told him that I did fully understand these ways of telling the story are just as good as each other. Dickens wrote about a train killing someone because people were afraid of trains in those days, in 1866 trains were relatively a new invention. Dickens didnt support new technology and trains so in his story he could express his dislike for train and warm people of what they could do. Dahls massage had more of a moral to it the concerns about the rights and wrongs murder. He used Mary Maloney as an example that murder is a spur of the moment thing and you can even use the anger to hurt someone you love. This shows that both writers suggested in their stories that new technology is not always helpful for example trains, forensic science-finger printing etc. For the time we are in now Dahl is more up to date and writes for a more modern audience and often his work is written for television and radio, he would assume that his readers would know what a typical household would look like because they would have seem many on the television. This is because Dahls story was written in 1979 when the TV and radon had been invented she carried it upstairs, holding the thin bone-end of it with both her hands, and she went through the living room she saw him. This quote does not use a lot of description about what the living room and stairs etc looked like because it would be the same as on TV every other suburban household. Dickens wrote his story in a lot more detail because people only had  access to books and written words they would need to build a picture of this story in their imaginations, and because this story was a ghost story this would have thrilled and excited them. Televisions were not invented when this story was written in 1866 there was a fire, a desk for an official book in which he had to make certain entries, a telegraphic instrument with its dial, face, and needles, and a little bell of which he had spoken. This quote uses a lot of description because if you had a TV you would have probably seen an example of a signalman box or a little hut before but because the television hadnt been invented Dickens had to use a lot of description. I have found the difference between these two stories are, The signalman is supernatural Lamb to the Slaughter is not, both writers have a serious but different purpose for writing their stories, both writers suggest that modern science and technology dont give you all the answers in life, both have central characters who have seem to have lost their minds, both writers involve violence and death in their stories to draw the readers attention, and the ending to both stories had a twist which in both of the stories I did not expect. Lamb to the Slaughter is very funny but at the same time ends on a cliff hanger, but The signalman is not really a cliff hanger but leaves you thinking.

PAUL OF TARSUS Essays - Knowledge, Research, Scientific Method

PAUL OF TARSUS DAVID GILLENS HISTORY 155 December 20, 2015 HISTORY The Apostle Paul was born around the year 3 AD in the Jewish community of Tarsus. Tarsus was the chief city and capital of Cilicia. When he was born, his strict Pharisee parents dedicated him the service of God and raised him as a good Jew. At the age of eight the name him Saul after Israel's first king Who was from the tribe of benjamin Introduction Explain the purpose of the paper. In most cases, the Introduction summarizes the theoretical importance and previous research in the area and includes a clear statement of the research hypotheses or aims of the paper. The Introduction begins a new page. Method Describe the study in enough detail to permit another investigator to replicate it. The Method section is often divided into three subsections: Subjects, Apparatus or Research Instruments/Tools (if necessary), and Procedures. The Method section continues on the same page after the end of the Introduction. Subjects This sub-section is optional. Apparatus (or Research Instruments/Tools) This sub-section is optional. Procedures This sub-section is optional. Results Summarize the data and the statistical treatment of them. Graphs and tables should be included if they make the results more intelligible. The Results section continues on the same page after the end of the Method section. Discussion Evaluation and implications of the research, including how the results support or do not support the argument; comparison of results with previous research; and problems with the research. The Discussion section continues on the same page after the end of the Results section. Appendices Includes supplementary material not appropriate in the body of the report The Appendices section begins a new page. References In the research report, all references to previous research or ideas will be accompanied by a reference citation of the original author. The References section begins a new page. The following are examples of appropriate layout for references: [Author Last Name, First Name]. [Year]. [Book Title]. [Publisher]. [Author Last Name, First Name]. [Year]. "[Article Title]." [Periodical Name] [Volume]([Number]): [Pages]. The entries have these elements: author(s); year of publication; title; and source (publisher for books, and title of journal for reports or articles). Book titles are underlined; titles of articles are in quotation marks; journal titles are italicized. The journal title is followed by the volume number, then the number within the volume (or the month or season, depending upon the journal's style) in parentheses, and then the page numbers. Citing Internet Sources There differing styles and no standard for citing Internet sources. Check with your instructor about whether your institution has a preferred style. In the absence of one, use the following style, which is adapted from the periodical reference mentioned earlier: [Author Last Name, First Name]. [Year]. [Web Page Title]. [Website title or owner]. [Website URL] (accessed [Date accessed]).